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The concept and classification of drilling knowledge-beneficial mining technology.
Release time:
2021-03-23
Author:
Source:
The basic concept of 1. drilling 1. Drilling: Drilling is used to drill underground according to a certain design angle and direction. By taking out the core and cuttings in the hole or putting testing instruments into the hole, the underground mineral reserves can be proved, the formation structure and rock properties can be understood and other engineering construction requirements can be met. This kind of engineering is called drilling. 2, core drilling: drilling, in the bottom of the hole to retain the core, and mainly to the proposed core to study, understand the underground geological and mineral conditions of the drilling method. 3, drilling: the use of drill at the bottom of the hole to work, break the rock and continue to deepen the drilling operations. It includes both crushing the rock at the bottom of the hole and extending the hole as required.
Basic concepts of 1. drilling
1, drilling: with a drilling rig according to a certain design angle and direction to the underground drilling, through the removal of the hole of the core, cuttings or in the hole into the test instrument, to find out the underground mineral reserves, understanding of the formation structure, rock properties and meet other engineering construction requirements, such as the project is called drilling.
2, core drilling: drilling, in the bottom of the hole to retain the core, and mainly to the proposed core to study, understand the underground geological and mineral conditions of the drilling method.
3, drilling: the use of drill at the bottom of the hole to work, break the rock and continue to deepen the drilling operations. It includes two aspects of crushing the rock at the bottom of the hole and extending the hole as required.
4. Drilling method: the general name of the method and technical measures for crushing the rock at the bottom of the hole when drilling underground.
5. Drilling technology: how to use certain equipment and tools to break the rock (soil layer), create a smooth drilling with a certain diameter and depth in the formation, and take certain technical measures to ensure the smooth progress of the drilling work.
6, drilling: for the purpose of mineral exploration or other engineering purposes, the use of drilling machinery and equipment or other methods to drive the drill bit to drill a cylindrical hole. It has the characteristics of large depth, small diameter and arbitrary direction.
7. Three elements of drilling space ① Hole depth (L): the length of the drilling axis from the orifice to the measuring point; ② vertex angle (θ): the angle between the drilling axis (or its tangent) and the plumb line at the measuring point; ③ azimuth angle (α): the angle between the projection of the drilling axis on the horizontal plane at the measuring point and the magnetic north direction.
8. Drilling structure: refers to the change of hole diameter from opening to final hole. It includes the drilling diameter, the number of diameter changes, the number of layers of the casing, the pipe diameter, the length, the depth of the diameter change and the sealing method at the bottom of the casing.
9. Circulation: The mud pump sends flushing fluid to the bottom of the hole through the inner hole of the drill string (or the gap between the drill string and the hole wall). After flushing the bottom of the hole and cooling the drill bit, it returns to the surface along the annular gap between the drill string and the hole wall (or the inner hole of the drill string) and carries rock powder out of the hole.
10. The purpose of geological core drilling is to remove the core from the ground. Through the analysis, observation, identification and testing of rock cores, we can intuitively understand the thickness, burial depth, occurrence, distribution law, mineral composition, ore grade, chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties and structural structure of ore and rock. The quantity and quality of rock cores directly affect the accuracy and reliability of judging geological structure, evaluating mineral resources, submitting mineral reserves and mining design. Geological core drilling is the most effective way to obtain subsurface physical samples. The drilling process not only requires a high drilling efficiency, but also requires the number of cores taken to have sufficient volume, in quality to maintain the primary structure and ore-bearing grade as much as possible. These requirements are expressed in core taking rate in core drilling quality management.
Classification of 2. drilling
1. See the following table for classification according to construction purpose
2, according to the broken rock tools (or called abrasive) classification of hard alloy drilling, steel grain drilling, diamond drilling, cone bit drilling and so on.
3. Classified according to the nature and method of applying external force: impact drilling, rotary drilling, impact rotary drilling, etc.
4. Classified by flushing fluid type: clean water drilling, mud drilling, emulsion drilling, saturated salt solution drilling, foam drilling, air drilling, etc.
5. Classified according to the circulation mode of flushing fluid: forward circulation drilling, reverse circulation drilling, etc.
6. Classified by coring or not: coring drilling, full drilling, etc.
7, according to the core from the hole to the surface of the way classification of drilling core, not drilling core (rope core drilling and reverse circulation continuous core drilling, etc.)
8. Special drilling methods: rope coring, orientation, down-the-hole hammer, heel pipe, center sampling, bottom hole power drilling, etc.
3. core drilling production process
1. Drilling construction process: it is the whole process starting from the flat foundation until the equipment is disassembled after drilling the final hole. It includes hole location fixing → leveling and foundation construction → installation of drilling equipment and auxiliary equipment → installation and acceptance → preparation before hole opening → hole opening and hole pipe running → diameter change → drilling → core sorting, cataloging and storage → other work (casing running, hole depth correction, simple hydrological observation, hole bending measurement and logging) → final hole pulling out of casing → hole sealing → hole sealing quality inspection.
2. Preparation before drilling. It is all the preparatory work before drilling into the opening, such as leveling the foundation, installation of equipment (drilling tower, drilling rig, water pump, power machine, etc.), installation of ancillary facilities (yard, safety facilities, circulation system, water pipe, lighting, etc.), installation acceptance and test drilling.
3. The drilling process. Refers to the drilling from the hole drilling to the final hole of the construction process.
4. Final hole. It refers to all the work performed until the drilling is stopped and the equipment is disassembled, including borehole bending measurement, water level measurement, pumping test, hole sealing, casing pulling, equipment disassembly, etc.
5, core drilling process: by the power machine to drive the drilling rig rotation, by the drill pipe, core tube and drill bit composition of the drill string, and by the drilling rig to supply the drill string of a certain axial pressure and torque, so that the drill bit with cutting tools to produce the role of rock, in order to achieve the purpose of continuous deep drilling. The rock powder that should be taken down during drilling will be rushed to the surface through the annular gap of the hole wall along with the flushing fluid sent to the bottom of the hole by the mud pump through the drill string. During drilling, the core enters the core pipe, and the core is broken by lifting the drilling tool or other coring methods, and is lifted from the bottom of the hole to the surface. From drilling down to core lifting, one drilling stroke is calculated, which is called one return. The lifting of the drilling tool is done by the hoist of the drilling tower and the drilling rig.
Main Contents of 4. Core Drilling
Drilling equipment, drilling method (drilling process), drilling quality and measurement, borehole flushing and wall protection plugging, accident prevention and treatment, airport production management, safety technology, relevant knowledge (basic mechanical knowledge, mechanical processing and repair knowledge, electrical knowledge, basic geological knowledge, mineral deposit knowledge), etc.
Drillability of 5. rock
1. The concept of rock drillability: a comprehensive index reflecting the difficulty of drilling into rock under certain technical conditions. Generally, the penetration rate (m/h, m/s) is used as the drillability index.
2. Classification of Rock Drillability The rock drillability classification table frequently distributed by the former Ministry of Geology in 1958 and the diamond core drilling drillability classification table issued by the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources in 1984 both divided the rock drillability into 12 grades.
3, divided into four categories of 12 levels: soft-quite drillability 1~3; Medium hard-quite drillability 4~6; Hard-quite drillability 7~9; Hard-quite drillability 10~12.
6. drilling diameter knowledge
Description: DCDMA standard is the standard of American Diamond Drill Manufacturers Association.
Characteristics of 7. drilling production
1, "small, real, all". Small-small organizational structure, is the most basic administrative unit of geological exploration units.
2. Drilling construction is mainly to serve the national capital construction.
3, the work object is the rock. Due to the ever-changing rock and stratum structure, its construction technology and technical specifications are difficult to achieve standardized production, and the drilling efficiency is greatly affected by the drillability of drilling rock.
4, drilling production in the field construction, work flow scattered, production conditions and living conditions are difficult.
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